In this deck, we'll explore the crucial theme of kingship in Shakespeare's Macbeth. We will focus on two characters who represent the ideal king: King Duncan, the virtuous and divinely appointed ruler, and his son, Malcolm, who must prove his worthiness to inherit the throne. By understanding them, you'll be able to build a powerful contrast with Macbeth's tyranny in your exam answers.

In Shakespeare's time, many believed in the 'Divine Right of Kings'. This was the idea that the king was chosen by God and was his representative on Earth. To challenge the king was to challenge God. King Duncan is presented as the embodiment of this ideal. He is a just, noble, and holy ruler, and his reign brings stability and prosperity to Scotland. His murder is therefore not just a political crime, but a sacrilegious act against God and nature itself.

Shakespeare establishes Duncan's goodness early on. Even though the first Thane of Cawdor betrayed him, Duncan remains trusting. He praises Macbeth generously, calling him 'O worthiest cousin!'. However, his greatest virtues are described after his death. Macbeth himself reflects that Duncan's virtues 'will plead like angels' against his murder. This shows he was a king who ruled with kindness and morality, not fear.