In this deck, you will learn about the enforcement architecture and penalty structures under the EU AI Act. We will cover governance bodies at both the EU and national levels, the three penalty tiers, startup protections, and how market surveillance operates in practice.

At the EU level, four key bodies manage AI governance. The European AI Office is the central EU authority that directly enforces rules on General Purpose AI models and coordinates policy. The European AI Board brings together representatives from all Member States to ensure consistent enforcement. The Advisory Forum provides technical, commercial, and civil society expertise. Finally, the Scientific Panel of Independent Experts advises on systemic risks and technical developments.

At the Member State level, enforcement is delegated to National Competent Authorities, or NCAs. Each Member State designates Market Surveillance Authorities, known as MSAs. MSAs carry out day-to-day market monitoring, conduct technical audits, handle consumer complaints, and enforce product compliance within their national jurisdiction.