In this deck, we'll explore how people manage the risks from tectonic hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. To reduce the loss of life and damage, we can use four key strategies, which you can remember as the four Ps: Monitoring, Prediction, Protection, and Planning. We'll look at each one in turn.

Let's start with monitoring. This involves using scientific instruments to detect the warning signs of a tectonic event. By keeping a close watch on volcanoes and fault lines, scientists can gather data that might indicate an eruption or earthquake is becoming more likely.

Monitoring volcanoes is particularly effective. Scientists look for several key signs. For example, a series of small earthquakes under a volcano can be a sign that magma is moving upwards. They also look for changes in the volcano's shape and changes in the gases being released from its vents.

As magma rises, it can cause the ground on the volcano's slopes to swell or bulge. This is called ground deformation. Scientists use instruments like tiltmeters, which measure the angle of the slope, and GPS satellites to detect these tiny but significant changes.